Viagra, Cialis, Levitra

The truth about how the treatment hangover.

Myths about the hangover, there is so much, and how many alcoholic drinks and cocktails (which caused this unpleasant syndrome).

The list of hangover from the endless, ranging from pasta at night and ending with swallowing tablets. So let’s look at what can really help in this state, but that only hurt and worsen the general state of our body.

Myth: the hangover is not to pay attention.

FACT: hangover - the reaction of the organism with the excessive amount of alcohol poisoning. Heavy drinks destroys the nervous system.

Alcohol affects the brain chemicals, and this causes headache, dizziness and nausea and that is what makes so often run into the kitchen for a gulp of water (as the excessive use of alcohol causes dehydration). The morning after the booming of the evening, you can wake up with severe headache, fatigue, dry mouth, nausea and unpleasant sensations in the abdomen, and resulting in a significant weakening of the immune system.

Myth: hangover equally for both men and women.

FACT: walking with friends, watch what you drink. In some of those drinks, women pyaneyut much easier for men. This is the explanation. Among men, a higher percentage of fluid in the body, which helps to attenuate consumed alcohol.

Therefore, when a woman and a man drinking the same amount of alcohol, women in the blood gets a lot more alcohol than men.

Myth: Only after the enormous amount of alcohol is the hangover.

FACT: Of course, the large quantity of alcohol likely will lead to pohmelyu. But according to the constitution of body and a pair of small cups of alcohol may result in head pain and other symptoms of hangover.

Drink water or soft drinks between each drunk a glass of beer or spirits, so you’ll be able to avoid dehydration and to dilute the alcohol enters the body (thus lowering its assimilation).

Myth: wine hangover is not the case.

FACT: in red wine contains tannin, a component known as the main cause headaches for some people. Solodovye drinks such as whiskey, also causes a serious hangover.

If you want to feel good morning, the best choice - beer and light liquors.

Myth: Dietary cocktails - the best choice.

FACT: diet drinks can help to control calorie intake, but not be able to avoid a hangover. The study found that consumption of fruits, fruit juices and other liquids saharosoderzhaschih increases the hangover.

Myth: first beer, then something stronger.

FACT: It’s the quantity of alcohol, rather than in a sequence of different drinks reception. The order of beverage consumption may affect the amount of consumption. If at first you drank a cocktail «Cosmopolitan», and then decided to balance the evening to drink one beer, then you have to reduce the consumption of alcohol.

But if you chereduete beer with vodka, then a strong intoxication is much faster than you expected. Of course, too much liquor to aggravate the overall situation, even though the evening began with a beer.

Myth: noodles before going to bed.

FACT: It is wrong for two reasons. First, eat before going to bed (after you drink) will not help. Food must reach the stomach to the happy moments of falling into his alcohol. Secondly, while a meal slows the assimilation of alcohol, the fat is absorbed very well.

So eat a steak or pizza before the first breath of martini and may not be hangovers. The only advice - drink water before going to bed, so to reduce the degree of dehydration.

Myth: pain pills before going to bed.

FACT: OTC pills are beginning to operate as efficiently as possible in four hours, until the morning so the effect of pills will be held. It is therefore better to take the pills in the morning, as soon as awake. Do not take acetaminophen (paracetamol), after the stormy night of alcohol.

Alcohol violates the process usvaivaniya acetaminophen liver and may even lead to inflammation and destruction of the liver.

Myth: Alcohol contributes to good sleep.

FACT: alcohol violates sleep. While a small glass of alcohol at night to sleep faster help, a large amount of alcohol before sleep can greatly disrupt sleep.

You will not be able to sleep in a phase of sleep with rapid eye movements, and most likely you will wake up quickly. If you drink too much, the hangover may occur in the latter stages of sleep and therefore can not give you fall asleep again.

Myth: alcoholic cocktail in the morning - the best cure for hangovers.

FACT: a lot of alcohol in the morning does not withdraw from the hangover, but only worsen the situation. If the breakfast drink a cocktail, then after some time it is a bad state.

But if you can not do without bodryaschego a cocktail in the morning, it is possible to talk about this with your doctor (as it is a clear signs of early stage of alcoholism).

Myth: Coffee in the morning.

FACT: Coffee leads to further dehydration, so only get worse hangover. After a night of drinking is better to avoid caffeine. Instead, popeyte water or energy drink, to reduce dehydration and to fill the lack of electrolytes.

This is especially important if there is other than the unpleasant state of nausea and vomiting.

Myth: herbal medicine on the basis.

FACT: British scientists examined all available studies on the medical facilities of hangover such as artichoke extract and yeast. Scientists have concluded that these funds are not an effective method of combating pohmelem.

Another group of British scientists received the extract from ordinary opuntsii, which helps reduce nausea and dry mouth that may accompany the hangover. But at the same time, the extract was powerless against a headache. The only proven tool - this time.

IT’S NOT THE MYTH: alcohol poisoning organism.

FACT: alcohol poisoning - the state, representing a danger to life, requiring urgent medical assistance. If you notice that someone is constantly vomiting and even loss of consciousness occur, you should consult a doctor.

Otherwise, the shock may occur, or (as a result of vomiting), severe dehydration.

The pain over the heel - Achilles tendon tendonitis.

Ice, aspirin or any anti-inflammatory agent. Cancellation of training. Instep-raiser a thickness of 1 cm under the heel.

* Boleznennaya knob on the basis of thumb - valgusnaya deformation thumb and bursitis.

Reducing the load on the joints, analgesics, comfortable shoes with a wide socks. When recurring pain may prompt intervention.

* Molotkoobraznoe tipping toes.

Choose a spacious shoes. The real way to correct the shape of fingers - operation.

* Painful tubercle on the back of the heel - heel spur.

Change to the shoes that pomyagche. Get rid of thick callouses in spurs. It may require the assistance of Orthopedics (physiotherapy, laser, cryotherapy).

* Region of skin travmiruetsya fingernail - vrosshy fingernail.

Strigi nails correctly. Home rule - the edge of nail must go beyond the skin.

* Severe pain between III and IV of the fingers when walking in close shoes - neuroma.

Hide away their “Cossacks.” Obzavedis supinatorami, in raising a transverse arch of a foot. Hormone injections can help, but in most cases require surgery.

* Pain in the soles and heels, occurred after the sitting and standing bed - plantar fasciitis.

Refrain from running and a long walk. Help supinatory and insole with a hole under a painful site, but it is better to consult a doctor.

* Pain when bent thumb - an inflammation of the bone sesamovidnyh (sesamoidit).

Again help supinatory shall be redistributed the burden on foot, but to choose the right instep-raiser may be only a doctor.

* The emergence of painful zhelvakov on the front surface of the tibia - split shank “- is if a leg netrenirovannyh people.

Treniruysya in a good sports shoe, fitted with supinatorami and shock absorbers, and start training with stretching.

* Nagging pain in the foot after the sharp load - crack (fracture) bone.

If confirmed the fracture, give full foot rest is not less than 6 weeks, but from a plaster cast in this situation is better to abstain.

A fourth man in the world after 40 years, has problems with potency. But no one is willing to publicly disclose the secret.

The main thing that distinguishes this man from a male - hormone testosterone. Simply put, men’s strength is directly dependent on the quantity of this hormone in the blood. Testosterone is produced in normal in jot: several milligrams per day. But this toliki enough to support and affect the livelihoods of the whole organism. Testosterone is responsible for secondary sexual traits: hair growth on face and body, a low voice, which is produced by the thickening of the voice bands. And yet - in libido, erection, sexual behavior and the formation of sperm. Male hormone regulates the development of even fine muscles, since they stimulate the formulation of the protein. Without testosterone does not work properly cardiovascular, nervous, circulatory and mochevydelitelnaya of men. Depend directly on it also to work, creativity, memory, mood, and even character.

Around the 30-year-old age level of testosterone decreases by itself at 1-2 per cent per annum. As a result of 50-55 years is half of what was in his youth. Some doctors believe: “The less testosterone, the shorter the path to death.” That is, there is a direct correlation between the number of male hormone and blood pressure, diabetes, ischemic heart disease and other illnesses.

5 ways to achieve goals

* Plan in advance

Select a date when you finally quit smoking otvedya yourself enough time to create a plan for the abandonment of cigarettes and to communicate with people who have managed to give up this harmful habit. Then, write in a diary, how often do you smoke and under what circumstances - as soon as you learn about their true pobuditelyah, you will be easier to overcome them.

* Choose your method

Unfortunately, there is no single unified approach to all, you may even try a few strategies at once, to adopt for solving the problem. Make sure you take into account both of nicotine dependence: physical and emotional.

* Create a new regime

Because smoking is the certain part of your time, you will need to form new habits. Zhuyte cud after lunch, or play a computer game instead of cigarettes pause. Avoid hiking in zadymlennye restaurants and bought air freshener for his car to get rid of the smell.

* Ask for support

You, the only one who can bring myself to stop smoking, but if you’re surrounded himself with friends and family members, it helps you to pass this ordeal. Go to the Support Group for anyone genuinely interested in the fact that you get rid of this habit. Some countries also offer telephone support.

* Think about pozitive

Be aware that every day spent without smoking - to achieve. Remember this every time and you know what you are capable and are strong enough to keep the change for life.

3 subject to change Guru Arianu de Bonvuazen (author of new book «First 30 Days»)

Question: I already know about the health risks caused by smoking. But why do I still difficult to give up cigarettes?

Answer: Your personal reasons you stop smoking should be stronger than your desire podkurit cigarette. Speaking, “I want to be near his 5-year-old son in the next 50 years, is more important than the” Smoking is bad for me. ” Thus, the view from the inside helps us find the motivation to abandon the habit.

Q: What are the mistakes most people make when making such decisions, and how can I avoid them?

A: Even smokers forget that smoking satisfies the emotional needs - and so they should find another way to do this. Try to listen to music or go for a walk.

Q: What helps me to quickly find a successful outcome?

A: Continue to repeat myself, I - non-smoker, and your brain starts to believe in you. But also choose to promote themselves and gifts, for example: non-smoker for life for five days - say, a manicure. This gives a signal to the brain that pleasant moments can be obtained in the case of cigars.

There are men, not women who need it. No, no, they are all right with the potency. Disorder in their only head.

I suspect that the woman for them - somewhere between alien, which is difficult to find a common language, and scabies, which at times distracted from the important cases and to get rid of it there is no possibility.

Such men as a matter of courtesy, gently, can be described as self-sufficient. A woman does not need them because they have and so it is: the work, a variety of hobbies, the places where they spend leisure time. A woman for them - an unfortunate interference that may cause redraw the established order of things. For which they cling so convulsively, as a tourist, by mistake zabredshy on the nudist beach - for its melting.

In fact, men’s self-sufficiency - a disease that should be treated. And the most severe methods. For example, referring to an uninhabited island in the company of a dozen girls’ Pleyboya. Or tours of sexual attractions of Thailand. In an extreme case - a few sessions thorough, prochuvstvovannogo sex, preferably in the company of ladies, who prefers to read women’s novels Flipped “Kama Sutras.”

Because if referred bolyachku not cure - all, the man will be forever lost to society. In any case, a female. He will be hermit, sharahayuschimsya of affection and vzdragivayuschim the word “registry office.”

The risk of the disease that struck them with a man outside looks completely healthy. And to distinguish between healthy specimen from the patient is very difficult. But it is possible. If you know the most pronounced symptoms.

1.
Men are almost always self-sufficient - a chronic workaholic. The work, he pays himself. What can not be said of the fire-parties, where, of course, for every angle pritailis prozhzhennye ohotnitsy for men, patiently awaiting his victim to drink from the blood …
2.
No, not that self-man (for the sake of brevity, we will face a “self”) are not interested in sex. Wondered the same in the end, too, man. But the fact is that he is afraid of panic to the woman privyazatsya. Therefore, if the person appears on the horizon, which not only hormones faced buck, but also romantically dizzy - he fled from it, as from the plague. Because, God forbid, he will understand that it is better to him than himself.
3.
Of course, there are self friends: both men and women. With female friends, he sometimes sleeps. In between discussions of the latest football matches, and complaints about the consequences of yesterday’s пьянки.
4.
Self is very active. His weight hobbies. It is the eastern arts, academic boating, he regularly goes with friends to fish and skydive. For all of those things he has a car and a small trolley time. And he was so afraid of losing at least krupitsu of this treasure, which prefers not to have a permanent women. Because then have at least part time lay on the altar of family relations.
5.
Self love women. This is not surprising, given that it is: a) know how to take care of yourself and always looks neatly, if not uhozhenno b) certainly hovers around glamor in) women instinctively feel that it is for them - a hard nut to crack, and particularly nastyrnym feel like this nutlet bite.

Most will only spoil the enamel, and rare baryshnyam able to get to the soft core. However, one should not deceive ourselves. Self very painful refers to attempts to make it a permanent menu item, so zahlopnet leaf shell at the first opportunity.

Men (and maybe some women) might argue, they say, this is a strong gender in the blood: think of the work to avoid santimentov and belong to the weaker sex with indulgent contempt.

There is such a movie: “The Taming of the Shrew.” There, the main character, who tries to seduce Ornella Muti, susceptible to its effects did not. He was already well in his village. Work on the field, to pull bags and crush the grapes with their feet. He was without a ho-ro-sho.

Only at night, when he once again graciously gives girls the opportunity to watch dreams all alone, the hero is … stick of wood. It is their tunic Furiously, stsepiv teeth and straining every muscle.

Maybe the thing that is cool at night, so this is the best time to cut firewood. And maybe, in the men’s self does have a trick.

The length of the nose, the size and weight of shoes - that is all that you need to know about her husband to his … “strip”. A more accurate, according to a special formula to calculate the length of his male dignity. Miracle formula that determines the size of the male member, found in the Tokyo Women’s University feminologii.

So, for the calculations of “dignity” new beau a woman needs to know the size of shoes, long nose and his weight. Then, all substituted in the formula:

A = 35 (B +3 C) / D, where

* And - this is the required length of membership,
* B - shoe size,
* C - the length of the nose,
* D - body weight.

According to the results of the experiment, many dimensions have been much higher than the real (it is because of their acceptance). The formula was obviously flawed, because the man with the size of the members of more than 20 cm - is very rare. 26, much more than 30 cm, it can be called anomaly. Not every woman can experience the pleasure of communicating with the owner of such a huge member, is that adherents sadomazohistskih games.

So what is the formula naputali Japanese feminists? Maybe they were in vain to include a weight man … As for the nose - it is a long feature, which from time immemorial was determined the length of men’s “dignity.” But it sometimes brings. But the length of the foot - it is more correct figure. Seldom a man with a 39-m and even 41-m size shoes were impressive size “of the main” body. But most often sexuality still determine the size of a member of the completeness of the lips and the length of the fingers. That’s all really in direct proportion.

In general, from a scientific point of view, if the length of members from 10 to 20 cm - is the norm. But size does not depend sexual activity, ie sexual constitution rights. And what defines sexual constitution? If a male leg is shorter than SARS, he was very active in sex and can satisfy a woman 5-7, even 10 times a night. Holders of the proportional figures - 3-5 times, but if feet long and torsom he did not come out, there will be enough for 1 to 4 attacks per month. In addition, zarosshaya chest, back, legs suggest a hot temperament, and vice versa. And pay attention to the behavior of men on the first night. If you came from 3 to 7 attacks - he was very active in sex, but the 1-2 suggest restrained temperament. He is also a measure of intervals between the acts. If they last for 30-40 minutes, the man - something that should be, well, if the partner will be required to restore an entire night - this shows a lack of male power.

If impotence is so much diminish the dignity of man and his respect for oneself, is it any wonder that for many centuries, this evil forces people to find ways to treat sexual weakness? My recipes restore sexual potency were already among the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. Homer recommended as a drug datura seeds and flowers of the male fern, the same drugs mentioned in his works of Shakespeare, two thousand years later. In the dark days of medieval impotence felt the result of intrigues unclean forces, and combat these heinous machinations of Satan to attach the utmost importance.

The most elaborate early study of problems of sexual impotence and treatment work is “Short track of people, who are affected charodeystvom, unable to intercourse with their wives.” Treatise it is written in the 15 st century. He tells of many ways in which witches nasylayut men damage, depriving them of male power. Among these, there are ways such as “podbrasyvanie petushinyh eggs under the marital bed.” Tract also offers some tools to combat vedmatskih enchantments, such as “exile devilish spirits of the house, which is achieved by regular prayers and sincere repentance, spray the walls of the house dog blood and impalement around the house fish bile.

One way to combat sexual weakness, which is proposed in this treatise - to refrain from relations for three days - today it recommends seksopatologi Masters and Johnson, for the stimulation of sexual attraction and overcome the embarrassment during the prelude.

Another monument of 15 century - “Malleus Maleficarum”, “Molot witches” - published in 1489, despite its bad reputation, is considered the best-known medieval text, which deals with sexuality. Notoriety of this work because at one time by the book as a guide to action and started a well-known “witch hunt”. For the “ground witch” clearly states that sexual impotence - is the result of the heinous charodeyskih spells, which nasylayut witches, servants of the devil. “Bewitched” men book offers a number of ways of healing. At the same if none of these drugs does not help, to be the last, most accurate tool - to trace and destroy the witch, created charodeystvo.

And only in the 16 century, people began to more reasonable to treat the problem of impotence, ceased to believe that this disease is caused by black volshboy. In 1563 Dr. Johann Veyer suggested that sexual weakness may develop due to natural causes or be a side effect of the use of certain drugs. He first discovered that the medicine really is one of the main causes of impotence.

From the Old Testament

Maxims from the Book of Genesis direct the strict and steadfast: “I shall cleave (people) to his wife, and they become one flesh.”

But it is permissible to say that always, since the creation of man, were people who simply could not follow that guidance, like they did not like. Impotence has always been for men this scourge is not just damaging their relationships with the opposite sex, often forcing the men to feel complete neudachnikami - no matter what is not capable, courageous inadequate, powerless, inferior.

One of the first mention of impotence appears in the Old Testament - about King David. On the roof of the royal house of David saw “a woman bathing, and saw that the woman was very beautiful.” It was Bathsheba, and David sent servants to take her, and she came to him and he slept with her, “resulting in” … a woman is made pregnant “(II Samuel, 11:2,4,5).

But she was the wife of Uriah the Hittite, one of the most loyal warrior king. A Uri at that time was in the army, fought with enemies, the Ammonites. David ordered Uriah the return of the troops in the hope that he perespit with his wife and would take it one hundred children - from him. But Uri has not even entered his house and did not touch the wife, because in those days it was believed that intercourse with a woman weakens man and takes force needed in battle. When he realized that deceive Uriah fail, he sent it into battle, with such a station, where Uri was doomed to die.

With this clever trick he could make a widowed Bathsheba his legal wife and accept his son born. But the act that provoked the Lord: “Why have you despised the word of the Lord, do evil in the sight of him? Uriah the Hittite you are struck with a sword, his wife took to his wife …” (II Samuel, 12:9). And God as punishment “took the sword of David, why he made sorrow and … has become impotent. And because the king is not able to continue their kind in those days was to lose the throne, David’s advisers sent to the king, a beautiful young virgin Avisagu, in the hope that it will return to him an interest in women and sexual potency. “Maiden was very beautiful, and she went for the king, and to him, but the king knew her not” (III Kings, 1:4).

Sexual weakness affecting King David, usually explain God’s punishment for seducing Bathsheba and the murder of her husband Uriah. But it is possible that he felt so strong sense of guilt for such an act, that sexual weakness he has occurred because of depression - a mental disorder, which will be discussed below. Depression and nowadays quite often serves as a cause sexual weakness. We can not of course forget that the impotence of the King David has evolved, when the fact was already far beyond seventy - but with age the risk of acts of disorder sex and Erectile Dysfunction strongly increasing.

Generics and the equivalence of drugs. (detail)
OB Taliban, Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology MGMSU
Questions interchangeability of drugs - this is the most complex issues of conflict and the pharmaceutical market. The relationship between the original and reproduced drugs (or generics) is far from serene.
Features of patent protection for original products

Indeed, the firm of the original drug’s developer, you can understand. The enormous resources spent on the search molecule drug substance, the study medication, his ascent to the market, careful monitoring of possible adverse effects and interactions, in a few years, continues to operate when patent protection, are seemingly irretrievably lost.

Dzhenerichesky drug, which often begin to play a few firms at the same time, «inherits» all of the properties, the cost of time and resources as the original drug. And you can arbitrarily assert that the original is always original, reproduced tool - only reproduced tool. Total international nonproprietary name makes these drugs similar to the consumer, rather generic, because as a rule, lower prices, more attractive. Producers of original pharmaceutical brands protect their exclusive rights in various ways, primarily through patent law. The implementation of patent protection for a molecule underlying drug substances, prohibits its reproduction period, the duration of which varies from country to country, but on average it is 20 years. It should be borne in mind that from start testing a new molecule and the date of registration of the patent until drug on the market can go 10-15, or even more years. Thus, the producer of the original drug has at its disposal to an average of 5 years in compensation costs and dividends from the original drug. By the end of this period tended to occur attempts to take the peculiarities of patent law and the loopholes in it, to extend patent protection. For example, in 1978 on a molecule Omeprazol was received by the main patent, since the late 90-ies - in the magnesium salt Omeprazol, a way to treat gastrointestinal diseases through levogyrate Omeprazol isomer, S-enantiomer magnesium salts Omeprazol as trigidrata, new crystalline form Omeprazol. Each of these patents enable the company-developer fight attempts to markets dzhenerikov Omeprazol. Implementation of patent law is in the delineation of concepts such as dzhenericheskoe drug (or generics) and copy drugs (copy).
Preparations generics and copies
Drug dzhenerikom called the drug, the duration of patent protection which has already ended. Accordingly, the generic drug is not the exclusive property of pharmaceutical companies, which it has developed or owned the first license for its sale.

Copies - are drugs that are represented in the markets of countries with weak or non-patent protection of chemical molecules - active ingredients of medicines.

In fact, the difference of pirated drugs from drug-generics is only violate the legal rights of reproduction medicine (infringement of the rights of the patent holder).

Eventually, in the developed patent protection, consumers are faced with the original drug, and only then from generic drugs accounted win his place in the market.

In Russia the situation somewhat different. First, we must take into account the share dzhenericheskih drugs on the Russian pharmaceutical market (on different data, from 78 to 95%). Market countries of the G formed as follows: USA - 12% dzhenerikov in Japan - 30% in Germany - 35% in France - 50% in England - 55% in Italy - 60% in Canada - 64% .

Secondly, the tradition of Soviet medicine and long-term presence in the market solely domestic products or products originating in the former Comecon, triggered a shift in the perception of brand names. Thus, Piratsetam for Russian doctors - primarily reproduced drug Nootropil; Co-trimoksazol better known as Biseptol; Renitek (enalaprila maleate) came into use under the name of its most successful in the Russian market generic - Enapa; original ciprofloxacin (Tsiprobay) is replaced by names Tsifran and Tsiprolet.

Thus, the specifics of the market dictates the perception of original names that determines a subjective choice between the original and generics in favor of the latter.

And thirdly, like any country with a high level of protectionism in the field of medicine, Russia chooses dzhenericheskie drugs because they are expensive. This determines the filling of most mass generics sector of medicine - medicine conditionally free.

Active antidzhenericheskaya policy pursued by the original developers of drugs, has meant that the term itself has become a sort of generic abusiveness. This helps ensure that implitsidnymi characteristics of generic drugs become its vtorosortnost, inadequate research, unspecified safety profile. Meanwhile, it has no objective basis.

In assessing the generic drugs should be given the following. Generics contain the same active drug substance (substance) as the original (proprietary) product. Generics differ from the original drug subsidiary substances (inactive ingredients, fillers, preservatives, dyes, etc.).

The differences observed in the process of production dzhenerikov.
The pharmaceutical, biological and therapeutic equivalence

Often, the term «generics» incorrectly replaced the term «equivalent medicines». Actually, this term is bessmysslennym because there is no notion of «equivalence of drugs». The following types of equivalence: the pharmaceutical, biological and therapeutic. In the European Union and the United States use the definition of pharmaceutical equivalence of drugs.

Pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical equivalent if they contain the same active substance in the same amount and same-resistant form, meet the requirements of the same or similar standards (EMEA, The rules governing medicinal products in the European Union Investigation of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence, v. 3C, 1998, pp. 231-244).

Pharmaceutical equivalent medications contain the same active ingredients in the form of the same drug, intended for a way to the introduction and identical in strength or concentration of active substances (FDA, Electronic Orange Book. Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 20th Edition, 2000).

Sameness of ingredients determines the pharmaceutical equivalence of medicines, to assess their bio-equivalence needed to compare the features of suction and distribution of drugs in the human body. The World Health Organization has suggested the following wording: «The two drugs believed bioequivalence if pharmaceutical equivalent, have the same bioavailability and for appointment to the same dose provide adequate efficacy and safety».
My language bioequivalence adopted in Europe and the USA.

Two drugs bioequivalence if they are pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative and if they biodostupnost (speed and extent of absorption) after the imposition of the same molar doses similar to such an extent that their effectiveness and safety in largely the same (EMEA, The rules governing medicinal products in the European Union. Investigation of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence, v.3C, 1998, pp. 231-244).

Bioequivalence drugs - this pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative pharmaceutical drugs, which are comparable biodostupnost in the study in similar experimental conditions (FDA, Electronic Orange Book, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 20th Edition, 2000).

Thus, assessment of equivalence of drugs is not only to the assessment of the identity of molecules - began acting drugs. Requirements for drugs, with confirmation of equivalence, affecting such issues as quality control of production (standards GMP), for instructions to drugs, for labeling, etc.

Equivalence of drugs valued well as physical and chemical properties of active substances (the degree of dispersion, polymorphism, etc.), support properties of substances, particularly the technological process, storage, packaging (glass, plastics, paper, etc.).

WHO’s recommendation on standard drugs are as follows. Bioequivalence generics should be defined in relation to the original medicines. If he was not represented at the national market, it is taken from the list of (primary market), where, in the opinion of the manufacturer, it is most meet the requirements of the quality, safety, efficacy and labeling. If you can not use the original drug may serve as the standard drug, leading to the market, if confirmed by its quality, safety and efficiency. In the absence of drug-leader Registered generics produced in accordance with local, state or regional standards, including the International pharmacopoeia and the WHO Guidelines for the registration requirements for determining the interchangeability of medicines produced by several manufacturers (WorldHealth Organization, 1996, WHO Expert Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: thirty-fourth report. WHO Technical Report Series No. 863, Geneva, pp. 114-154).

Naturally raises the question as to whether undescribed species of equivalence in order to take that dzhenericheskie drugs and medicines, the originals are similar in therapeutic terms, that is therapeutically equivalent.

According to European and American definitions, therapeutic equivalence to except a similar pharmacokinetic profile similar assessment farmakodinamicheskogo (therapeutic) effect.

Drug therapeutically equivalent to other drugs if it contains the same active substance or drug substance, and the results of clinical studies, has the same efficacy and safety, and the comparison drug, whose efficacy and safety set (The rules governing medicinal products in the European Union. Investigation of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence, v. 3C, 1998, pp. 231-244).

The therapeutic equivalent medications may be considered only if they are pharmaceutical equivalent and can be expected that they will have the same clinical effect and the same safety profile of using patients in accordance with the directions on the label (FDA, Electronic Orange Book. Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 20th Edition, 2000).

Unlike bioequivalence, the definition of which is governed by stringent standards and is typically the ambiguity in interpretation of results, lack of clear definitions of therapeutic equivalence has led to uncertainty about how doctors and patients in the correct choice of any number of generic drugs.

The 1998 FDA draft rules for assessing therapeutic equivalence dzhenerikov to indicate on the label drug presence or absence of therapeutic equivalence, as well as medication, which made the comparison (usually the original drug).

At the moment when choosing dzhenericheskogo drug can be guided so that the bioequivalence of drugs is an indirect confirmation of their therapeutic efficacy.

Full confidence in the effectiveness of drugs like a generic line may be only after conducting comparative tests on the therapeutic equivalence, the data will allow to take full advantage of the economic advantages of widespread use of generics. There are currently conducting tests on the therapeutic equivalence has become mandatory for the withdrawal of the market dzhenericheskih new drugs.

Features of patent protection

not only drugs and do not necessarily Viagra is a body of state control Indeed, the firm of the original drug’s developer, you can understand. The enormous resources spent on the search molecule drug substance, the study medication, his ascent to the market, careful monitoring of possible adverse effects and interactions, in a few years, continues to operate when patent protection, are seemingly irretrievably lost.

Dzhenerichesky (similar) drug, which often begin to play a few firms at the same time, «inherits» all of the properties, the cost of time and resources as the original drug. And you can arbitrarily assert that the original is always original, reproduced tool - only reproduced tool. Total international nonproprietary name makes these drugs similar to the consumer, rather generic, because as a rule, lower prices, more attractive. as in our case with drugs to increase potency

But many ask ourselves the question - but what about quality? Indeed, while the production company is the inventor of issues arise, should not - they should be in process technology and quality products. And what happens after all? When a case of a company - producer of analog - generics are usually major pharmaceutical company has behind its own laboratory and the experience and technology to modernize them, and even they are not representing any work.

Producers of original pharmaceutical brands protect their exclusive rights in various ways, primarily through patent law. The implementation of patent protection for a molecule underlying drug substances, prohibits its reproduction period, the duration of which varies from country to country, but on average it is 20 years. It should be borne in mind that from start testing a new molecule and the date of registration of the patent until drug on the market can go 10-15, or even more years. Thus, the producer of the original drug has at its disposal to an average of 5 years in compensation costs and dividends from the original drug. By the end of this period tended to occur attempts to take the peculiarities of patent law and the loopholes in it, to extend patent protection. For example, in 1978 on a molecule Omeprazol was received by the main patent, since the late 90-ies - in the magnesium salt Omeprazol, a way to treat gastrointestinal diseases through levogyrate Omeprazol isomer, S-enantiomer magnesium salts Omeprazol as trigidrata, new crystalline form Omeprazol. Each of these patents enable the company-developer fight attempts to markets analogue Omeprazol. Implementation of patent law is in the delineation of concepts such as dzhenericheskoe drug (or similar) and copy drugs (copy).
Preparations generics and copies

Drug - called dzhenerikom drug, the duration of patent protection which has already ended. Accordingly, the generic drug is not the exclusive property of pharmaceutical companies, which it has developed or owned the first license for its sale.

Copies - are drugs that are represented in the markets of countries with weak or non-patent protection of chemical molecules - active ingredients of medicines.

In fact, the difference of pirated drugs from drug-generics is only violate the legal rights of reproduction medicine (infringement of the rights of the patent holder).

Eventually, in the developed patent protection, consumers are faced with the original drug, and only then from generic drugs accounted win his place in the market.

In Russia the situation somewhat different. First, we must take into account the share dzhenericheskih drugs on the Russian pharmaceutical market (on different data, from 78 to 95%). Market countries of the G formed as follows: USA - 12% dzhenerikov in Japan - 30% in Germany - 35% in France - 50% in England - 55% in Italy - 60% in Canada - 64% .

Secondly, the tradition of Soviet medicine and long-term presence in the market solely domestic products or products originating in the former Comecon, triggered a shift in the perception of brand names. Thus, Piratsetam for Russian doctors - primarily reproduced drug Nootropil; Co-trimoksazol better known as Biseptol; Renitek (enalaprila maleate) came into use under the name of its most successful in the Russian market generic - Enapa; original ciprofloxacin (Tsiprobay) is replaced by names Tsifran and Tsiprolet.

In assessing the generic drugs should be given the following. Generics contain the same active drug substance (substance) as the original (proprietary) product. Generics differ from the original drug subsidiary substances (inactive ingredients, fillers, preservatives, dyes, etc.)
The differences observed in the process of production dzhenerikov.

The pharmaceutical, biological and therapeutic equivalence Often, the term «generics» incorrectly replaced the term «equivalent medicines». Actually, this term is bessmysslennym because there is no notion of «equivalence of drugs». The following types of equivalence: the pharmaceutical, biological and therapeutic. In the European Union and the United States use the definition of pharmaceutical equivalence of drugs.

Pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical equivalent if they contain the same active substance in the same amount and same-resistant form, meet the requirements of the same or similar standards (EMEA, The rules governing medicinal products in the European Union Investigation of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence, v. 3C, 1998, pp. 231-244).

Pharmaceutical equivalent medications contain the same active ingredients in the form of the same drug, intended for a way to the introduction and identical in strength or concentration of active substances (FDA, Electronic Orange Book. Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 20th Edition, 2000).

Sameness of ingredients determines the pharmaceutical equivalence of medicines, to assess their bio-equivalence needed to compare the features of suction and distribution of drugs in the human body. The World Health Organization has suggested the following wording: «The two drugs believed bioequivalence if pharmaceutical equivalent, have the same bioavailability and for appointment to the same dose provide adequate efficacy and safety».
My language bioequivalence adopted in Europe and the USA.

Two drugs bioequivalence if they are pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative and if they biodostupnost (speed and extent of absorption) after the imposition of the same molar doses similar to such an extent that their effectiveness and safety in largely the same (EMEA, The rules governing medicinal products in the European Union. Investigation of Bioavailability and Bioequivalence, v.3C, 1998, pp. 231-244).

Bioequivalence drugs - this pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative pharmaceutical drugs, which are comparable biodostupnost in the study in similar experimental conditions (FDA, Electronic Orange Book, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 20th Edition, 2000).

Thus, assessment of equivalence of drugs is not only to the assessment of the identity of molecules - began acting drugs. Requirements for drugs, with confirmation of equivalence, affecting such issues as quality control of production (standards GMP), for instructions to drugs, for labeling, etc. Equivalence of drugs valued well as physical and chemical properties of active substances (the degree of dispersion, polymorphism, etc.), support properties of substances, particularly the technological process, storage, packaging (glass, plastics, paper, etc.).